Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) Scoring & Other Information
Response categories are scored 0, 1, 2 and 3 according to increased severity of the symptom. Items 3, 5-10 are reverse scored (i.e., 3, 2, 1, and 0 The total score is calculated by adding together the scores for each of the ten items. Users may reproduce the scale without further permission providing they respect copyright (which remains with the British Journal of Psychiatry) quoting the names of the authors, the title and the source of the paper in all reproduced copies. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was developed to assist primary care health professionals in detecting mothers suffering from postpartum depression (PPD); a distressing disorder more prolonged than the "blues" (which occur in the first week after delivery), but less severe than puerperal psychosis.
feeling during the past week. Most mothers complete the scale without difficulty in less than five minutes. The validation study showed that mothers who scored above a threshold 12/13 were likely to be suffering from a depressive illness of varying severity. Nevertheless, the EPDS score should not override clinical judgement. A
careful clinical assessment should be carried out to
confirm the diagnosis. The scale indicates how the mother felt during the previous week, and in doubtful cases it may be usefully repeated after two weeks. The scale will not detect mothers with anxiety neuroses, phobias or personality disorders.
Previous studies have shown that PPD affects at least
10 percent of women and that many depressed mothers remain untreated. These mothers may cope with their baby and with household tasks, but their enjoyment of life is seriously affected and it is possible that there are long term effects on the family. The EPDS was developed at health centers in Livingston and Edinburgh. It consists of 10 short
statements. The mother underlines which of the four
possible responses is closest to how she has been
1. The mother is asked to underline the response that comes closest to how she has felt during the previous seven days. 2. All 10 items must be completed. 3. Care should be taken to avoid the possibility of the mother discussing her answers with others. 4. The mother should complete the scale herself, unless she has limited English or has difficulty with reading. 5. The EPDS may be used at six to eight weeks to screen postnatal women or during pregnancy. The child health clinic, postpartum check-up or a home visit may provide suitable opportunities for its completion.
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987 Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 782-786. The Spanish version was developed at the University of Iowa based on earlier Spanish versions of the instrument. For further information, please contact Michael W. O'Hara, Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, e-mail: mikeohara@uiowa.edu